Distribution Management : Intermoda Transport

English Vers.

Distribution Management
 International Logistics : Capital Options
Prologue
Changes in the nature of logistics and supply chain , especially the move by many companies to global operations , has had a clear impact on the relative importance of the various modes of transport . In the global context , the more products moved much greater distances because the company has developed the concept ofsuch as focal plant , with a single point of global manufacturing for specific products , and because the concentration of production facilities in low-cost manufacturing locations .

In this section the process for selecting the appropriate mode of transport was introduced . itapproach is broadly divided into four main phases , which include operational factors , transportationmode characteristics , consignment factors , and charges and service needs .Key elements described in the remainder of this chapter , whileThe overall process is summarized in Figure 21.3 . Many of these considerationsrelatively clear , but the problem lies with the large number of differentModal choice : the selection processaspects that need to be taken into account . This is why the methodical selection processnecessary .
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
external factorsIncludes many operational factors that may be considered ispeople external to factors directly related distribution . It is veryrelevant when considering the international context because the modal choicefrom one country to these factors can vary significantly . They include :
Basic infrastructure in the country .trade barriersExport control and licensingLaw and taxationFinancial institutions and services , and economic conditions .Communication systems .Culture .Climate .


Other logistics components :
Final series of important characteristics to consider whendetermine modal choice regarding other logistics components . It iselement is concerned with the logistics classic trade- off described in Chapter 2 .
The main characteristicsmay include :
- Supply points .
- Production plant .
- Warehouses and storage facilities .
- Depot .
- Marketing Plans and policies

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORT MODE
The equity option selection process described so far relate toa variety of operational factors that may need to be considered . furtherThe main set of considerations involving various attributes of different modesitself . It is not intended here to explain in detail the operation of the variousmode , but what would be considered their main attribute is particularlyrelation to the factors described in the previous section .

Conventional sea freight
Of the main alternatives ocean freight , both conventional and unit loadrelevant expenses . Load units ( containers ) are considered later . for conventionalsea ​​transport , the main points to note are :
- The economic cost .- Availability .- Need for treatment - a double .- Delay in issue .- Damage


International road transport
As already mentioned , the road freight transport is the most important mode fornational movement in most individual countries in Europe . in the context ofinternational distribution , road freight transport is also important , even wherethere are significant geographical constraints such as to and from the UK .Here , for example , road transport is feasible through the use of roll -on roll - off ( RORO ) ferryservices and the Channel Tunnel . This allows for the transport through fromgoods from the factory or warehouse directly to overseas customers .

rail transport
There are many new developments in the rail transport system , especiallydevelopment of intermodal containerized systems using ISO containers asload the base unit and the introduction of the concept of transferable body swaprail road unit . This is described in Chapter 22 . Rail transport is more conventionalsystem has the major benefit of being a relatively cheap form of transportation .

air freight
The use of air transport as an alternative mode of transportation has developed rapidly in the lateyears . The main developments in the field of integrated cargo unit , improved handlingsystem and additional cargo space , along with the proliferation of scheduledcargo airline , has enhanced the competitiveness and capabilities of air servicesdelivery .

documentation
Type of documentation is also very important . Requirements for this Mayvaries according to the origin and shipping destination , and modetransport used . The most common documents are :• shippers export declaration ;• bill of lading , air waybill or sea or ;• import and export licenses ;• certificate of origin and consular documentation ;• CMR record ( for the carriage of goods by road ) ;• CIM record ( for the transport of goods by rail ) ;• packaging records ;• certificate of insurance ;• delivery note delivery ( eg, standard shipping notes ) ;• export sales invoices ;• requirements for import and export customs , for example, a single administrationdocument ( SAD ) .

freight forwarder
Due to certain complications regarding the import and export documentation ,as well as for other reasons , many companies use the services of freightforwarder . Typical services offered include :
• preparing and checking shipping documents ;• Space booking with operator ;• organize a collection of orders from point of origin to the port of shipment ;• arrange customs clearance and final delivery in the destination country ;• provision of advice and export regulations , documentation requirements , etc. ;• detailed knowledge of operators , ports , etc. ;• knowledge of the various modes of international transportation ;• knowledge of the different costs associated with different modes and purposes .
Many freight forwarders acting as principal to the contract of transportation , such asby providing roads and container groupage service or air freight consolidation . inthis situation, the freight forwarder is responsible for transportation , notthan just acting as an agent .

Summary :
In this chapter , a vast area of international logistics , with particularemphasis on alternative modes of transportation , has been described . Some statisticsintroduced to help illustrate the different divisions of capital in a number of countries .Emphasis has been given to the selection process involved in the selection mode .